Climate and Health: Heatwave Risks

A recent study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) has revealed alarming insights into the growing threat of extreme heat in India. According to the report, nearly 57% of the country’s districts, which are home to approximately 76% of the population, are now classified as being at high to very high risk from heatwaves. This represents a significant increase in vulnerability due to a combination of rising temperatures, urbanization, and insufficient adaptive infrastructure.

One of the most concerning findings is the sharp rise in nighttime temperatures, which reduces the body’s ability to recover from daytime heat exposure. This trend, combined with increased humidity levels, is particularly dangerous in historically dry regions such as parts of Rajasthan and northern India. The “wet bulb” effect  where high heat and humidity hinder the body’s natural cooling is making conditions potentially lethal, especially for outdoor workers, the elderly, and people with pre-existing health conditions.

The health impacts of heatwaves go beyond just dehydration or heatstroke. Extended exposure to extreme heat can exacerbate chronic illnesses, strain mental health, and even increase the risk of preterm births. The study warns that as climate change progresses, health systems across India must adapt quickly to deal with the growing frequency and severity of heat events. Cities and states are being urged to develop and implement localized heat action plans, with particular focus on urban poor and vulnerable populations.

In response, some Indian states have begun to roll out public awareness campaigns and early warning systems. However, the report emphasizes the need for systemic action, including upgrading healthcare infrastructure, improving housing insulation for the poor, and designing climate-resilient urban spaces. Without urgent measures, the escalating impact of climate-driven heatwaves could overwhelm health services and contribute to increased mortality and economic loss across the country.